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NCERT Solutions for all chapters under the Class 12 Biology Syllabus have been listed below in this article. Along with NCERT Solutions PDF, Important questions, Multiple Choice Questions, Important topics and articles are provided which will help to familiarise students with the class 12 biology syllabus. Chapterwise NCERT Solutions of all Class 12 Biology chapters are given in the form of PDFs for students to download and keep for future reference.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapters
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology chapterwise solutions are listed below. Students can click the link to download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology PDF.
Class 12 Biology Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms (Omitted)
Reproduction is the process where organisms give rise to its young ones to enhance the population and habitat of that species. This chapter is under Unit VI- Reproduction. The important topics covered in Reproduction in Organisms are:
- Asexual reproduction
- Binary fission
- Sporulation
- Budding
- Gemmule
- Fragmentation
- Vegetative propagation in plants
Total Weightage: 3-4 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 1:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Sexual reproduction in flowring plants is carried out by the male and female gametes through the process of pollination. This chapter is under Unit VI- Reproduction. The important topics that are covered in Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants are:
Total Weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 2:
- Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in flowering Plants Notes
- Reproduction in flowering plants mcqs
Class 12 Biology Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Human reproduction is carried out by the process of fertilisation of female ovum cells by the male sperm cells to form zygote. This chapter is under Unit VI- Reproduction. The important topics that are covered in Human Reproduction are:
- Male and female reproductive systems
- Menstrual cycle
- Fertilization, implantation
- Parturition
- Lactation
Total weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 3:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Reproductive health is the state of well being of physical, mental and sexual well being. This chapter is under Unit VI- Reproduction. The important topics that are covered in Reproductive Health are:
- Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Birth control - need and methods, contraception, and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
- Amniocentesis
- Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies
Total weightage: 4-5 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 4:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Inheritance is the process by which genes are transfered from parents to offsprings. The study of genetic inheritance is known as genetic engineering. This chapter is under Unit VII- Genetics and Evolution. The important topics that are covered in Principles of Inheritance and Variation are:
- Mendelian inheritance
- Chromosome theory of inheritance
- Chromosomes and genes
- Linkage and crossing over
- Down’s syndrome
Total Weightage: 5-6 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 5:
- Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Notes
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation mcq
Class 12 Biology Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Molecular basis of inheritance is the study of genetics at the molecular level. This chapter is under Unit VII- Genetics and Evolution. The important topics that are covered in Molecular Basis of Inheritance are:
- Structure of DNA
- RNA
- DNA packaging
- DNA replication
- Transcription, genetic code, translation
- Lac operon
- Genome, Human, and rice genome projects
- DNA fingerprinting
Total Weightage: 4-5 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 6:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Evolution
Evolution is the process by which there is change in the characteristics of a species over several generations by natural selection. This chapter is under Unit VII- Genetics and Evolution. The important topics that are covered in Evolution are:
- Origin of life
- Biological Evolution
- Darwin's contribution
- Mechanism of evolution
- Genetic variation
- Adaptive radiation
- Human evolution.
Total Weightage: 5-6 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 7:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being of a person. Diseases are classified into communicable and non-communicable diseases. This chapter belongs to Unit VIII- Biology and Human Welfare. The important topics that are covered in Human Health and Disease are:
Total Weightage: 3-4 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 8:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production (Omitted)
Strategies for enhancement in food production includes plant breeding, animal husbandry, modern irrigation systems, tissue culture, embryo transfer, etc. This chapter belongs to Unit VIII- Biology and Human Welfare. The important topics that are covered in Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production are:
- Plant breeding
- Single-cell protein
- Biofortification
- Green Revolution
- Mutation
- Food Processing
- Micro Propagation
- Inbreeding Depression
Total weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 9: Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes are microscopic organisms that are either unicellular or multicellular. Many microbes are beneficial for human welfare. This chapter belongs to Unit VIII- Biology and Human Welfare. The important topics that are covered in Microbes in Human Welfare are:
- Microbes as biofertilizers
- Microbes in industrial products
- Microbes in the production of biogas
- Antibiotics
- Bio control agents
- Sewage treatment
- Fertilizers
Total weightage: 4-5 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 10:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology is a combination of the fields of technology and Biology. It is the process where technology is imbibed into living organisms. This chapter belongs to Unit IX- Biotechnology and its Applications. The important topics that are covered in Microbes in Human Welfare are:
- Genetic Engineering
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- Cloning Vector
- Restriction Enzymes
- Bacterial Transformation
- Competent cells
Total Weightage: 6-7 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 11:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesClass 12 Biology Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application
Applications of Biotechnology are seen in many fields such as medicine, genetics, agriculture, therapeutics, diagnostics, etc.This chapter belongs to Unit IX- Biotechnology and its Applications. The important topics that are covered in Biotechnology and its Application are:
Total Weightage: 5-6 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 12: Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Organisms and Population
Population is the total number of a particular species living in a well-defined geographic area. This chapter belongs to Unit X- Ecology and Environment. The important topics that are covered in Organisms and Population are:
- Population interactions
- Population attributes
- (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)
Total Weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 13:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 14: Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a geographic interaction between all natural elements and organisms. This chapter belongs to Unit X- Ecology and Environment. The important topics that are covered in Ecosystem are:
- Photosynthetically active radiation
- Energy flow
- Carbon Cycle
- Biomass
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Grazing Food Chain
Total Weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 14: Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem
Class 12 Biology Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
Conservation of biodiversity is the protection and preservation of natural biodiversity for sustainable development. This chapter belongs to Unit X- Ecology and Environment. The important topics that are covered in Biodiversity and Conservation are:
- Loss of biodiversity
- Biodiversity conservation
- Hotspots, extinction,
- Red Data Book
- National parks
- Wildlife Sanctuaries
- Ramsar sites
- Endemic Species
Total Weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 15:
Class 12 Biology Chapter 16: Environmental Issues (Omitted)
Environmental issues are attributed to any undesirable change in the ecosystem. This chapter belongs to Unit X- Ecology and Environment. The important topics that are covered in Biodiversity and Conservation are:
- Air pollution and its control
- Water Pollution and Its Control
- Solid Wastes
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Algal bloom
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Total Weightage: 2-3 marks
Additional Resources for Chapter 16:
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